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Frequently Asked Questions

Practical answers to common questions about CNG, NGV, LCNG, LNG, PNG/PRMS, industrial gas and cryogenic infrastructure, design and engineering, equipment selection, commissioning, O&M and project development.

LAIMEX supports an engineering-led path from project requirement and design through technology and multi-OEM evaluation, equipment supply, EPC and installation, commissioning, O&M, training, spares and lifecycle support.

Actual equipment sizing, process configuration, safety requirements and project design depend on site conditions, normal and peak operating duty, gas conditions, applicable requirements and the individual project. These answers provide general guidance and do not replace project-specific engineering.

01

Project planning & assessment

How does LAIMEX determine whether CNG, LNG, LCNG or PNG/PRMS is suitable for a project?

We assess normal and peak gas demand, operating profile, available gas source, pipeline proximity, required pressure, site location, logistics, utilities, land, expansion plans, reliability and overall project economics. Proper design and engineering should establish the project duty before equipment is selected.

What information should I provide for an initial project assessment?

Useful information includes project location and application, average and peak hourly gas demand, daily consumption, operating pressure and hours, existing fuel consumption where relevant, gas or LNG supply options, site constraints, utilities and expected expansion.

Can LAIMEX review a project concept before equipment is purchased?

Yes. Early design and engineering review can check the process concept, capacity, equipment sizing, interfaces, controls, safety philosophy, vendor proposals, project risks and missing engineering information before major procurement commitments.

02

CNG & NGV infrastructure

What is the difference between a CNG mother station and a daughter or downloading station?

A CNG mother station compresses gas from a suitable source for high-pressure storage, transport or refuelling. An NGV daughter/refuelling station receives transported CNG for vehicle dispensing, with its own dispensing and control arrangements. An industrial CNG downloading station receives transported CNG and reduces or conditions it for an industrial consumer’s pressure and operating requirements.

How is CNG compressor capacity selected?

Design and engineering should assess normal and peak gas demand, inlet pressure and temperature, discharge pressure, operating hours, demand profile, redundancy, turndown, gas composition and future capacity. The complete compression, storage and loading or refuelling duty matters more than a compressor’s nameplate flow alone.

What determines the required CNG cascade or transportation-skid capacity?

Consider normal and peak demand, daily consumption, delivery distance and turnaround, cylinder water volume, filling pressure, usable pressure range, residual gas, temperature and deliveries needed for continuity of supply.

Can one CNG project support both industrial natural-gas demand and NGV refuelling?

It can be possible, but design and engineering must cover the combined compressor duty, storage philosophy, priority logic, peak gas flow, pressure requirements, metering, controls and safety arrangements.

03

LCNG systems

What is an LCNG station?

An LCNG system stores LNG as a cryogenic liquid, raises its pressure with a high-pressure cryogenic pump and vaporizes it to produce high-pressure natural gas for CNG storage or vehicle dispensing.

When can LCNG be considered instead of a conventional CNG station?

LCNG may suit a site where LNG logistics are practical and pipeline gas is unavailable or unsuitable, or liquid transport offers an advantage. Design and engineering should compare normal and peak demand, required pressure, operating profile, LNG logistics, site constraints and project economics before selecting the pathway.

What are the main components of an LCNG system?

A system may include LNG storage and unloading, pressure-building arrangements, high-pressure cryogenic pumps, vaporizers, pressure control, instrumentation, PLC/SCADA, safety systems, CNG storage and dispensing where required. Configuration and capacity depend on normal and peak demand and the engineered project duty.

04

LNG storage & regasification

How is LNG storage capacity selected?

Design and engineering should account for normal and peak consumption, operating hours, delivery frequency and logistics, reserve or autonomy, usable tank volume, operating limits, expected boil-off and future demand growth.

What factors determine LNG vaporizer capacity?

Design and engineering should consider normal and peak gas flow, LNG conditions, required outlet conditions, operating duration and redundancy. For ambient-air vaporizers, ambient temperature, humidity and icing are particularly important; other technologies must be assessed against their respective heat source, duty and operating conditions. Nominal nameplate capacity alone is insufficient for selection.

What happens to pressure build-up and boil-off gas in an LNG installation?

LNG pressure management should account for normal operating demand and low-demand or idle periods, pressure-building needs, normal vapor/BOG handling and independent overpressure protection. The appropriate arrangements depend on tank design, operating philosophy and applicable project requirements; no one vapor handling route suits every installation.

05

PNG & PRMS infrastructure

What determines the required capacity of a PRMS?

Normal and peak gas flow, inlet pressure range, outlet pressure, gas conditions, operating profile, allowable pressure loss, metering range, downstream demand, redundancy and expansion determine the duty. Design and engineering should also address regulator sizing, reduction stages, filtration, protection, piping velocity, instrumentation and controls rather than relying on a nominal SCMH rating alone.

Why are multiple pressure-reduction stages sometimes used?

Staging a large pressure drop may assist control stability, regulator operation and thermal management. The number and arrangement of stages should be engineered for the minimum-to-peak flow operating envelope, inlet and outlet pressure ranges, regulator characteristics, gas temperature effects and downstream requirements. Staging does not replace proper thermal assessment or gas heating where required.

What safety and control equipment is normally considered in a PRMS?

Depending on duty, this may include filtration, isolation, regulation, slam-shut protection, relief, metering, pressure and temperature instruments, ESD, venting and monitoring. The final protection philosophy must follow the project design and applicable requirements.

06

Industrial gases & cryogenics

What infrastructure is typically required for LIN, LOX, LAR or LCO₂ applications?

Depending on the application, infrastructure may include cryogenic storage, transfer or high-pressure pumping, vaporization, pressure regulation, distribution, piping, instrumentation, control and safety systems, plus cylinder filling where required.

How is cryogenic storage capacity selected?

Design and engineering should consider normal and peak consumption, delivery frequency, reserve, operating pressure, usable tank volume, evaporation or boil-off, site constraints and future expansion.

What affects ambient vaporizer sizing?

Normal and peak gas flow, ambient temperature and humidity, operating duration, continuous or intermittent duty, icing, outlet conditions and redundancy all matter. Selecting only by nominal flow can leave the system short under actual site conditions.

07

Design, engineering & equipment selection

Why is design and engineering important before equipment procurement?

Equipment must match the actual process duty and work within an engineered system. Design establishes normal and peak capacity, pressures, configuration, piping and instrumentation, controls and interlocks, safety and protection, utilities, interfaces, maintainability, lifecycle needs and future expansion before major purchases.

Can LAIMEX provide design and engineering without supplying the equipment?

Yes. LAIMEX can support concept development, design and engineering, specification, technical evaluation and project advisory independently of equipment supply, according to the agreed scope.

Can LAIMEX provide equipment as well as engineering and project services?

Yes. Equipment and package sourcing can form part of an engineering-led scope. Selection should consider technical duty, normal and peak conditions, compatibility, reliability, maintainability, lifecycle support, spares and project economics.

Is LAIMEX restricted to one equipment manufacturer?

LAIMEX follows a multi-OEM approach. Options can be evaluated against the client’s technical, operating and commercial requirements rather than automatically selecting a single manufacturer.

Can LAIMEX compare different OEM or vendor proposals?

Yes. Evaluation can consider capacity, normal and peak duty, operating envelope, specification compliance, maintainability, controls, documentation, local support, spare-parts availability and lifecycle suitability.

08

Commissioning, O&M & spares

What does commissioning support normally include?

Depending on scope, commissioning may cover mechanical-completion review, instrumentation checks, calibration verification, control and interlock testing, leak and pressure-test record review, functional testing, startup, performance verification and operator training.

Can LAIMEX support commissioning of equipment supplied by another OEM or contractor?

This may be possible, subject to documentation, defined responsibilities, access to technical information and any OEM-specific commissioning requirements.

What O&M support can LAIMEX provide?

Depending on the agreed scope, support may include procedures, preventive-maintenance planning, troubleshooting, performance review, instrumentation and controls, operator training, maintenance coordination and lifecycle improvement.

Can LAIMEX support spare-parts requirements after commissioning?

Yes. Spares support can address commissioning, preventive and corrective maintenance and continued operation, with attention to compatibility, equipment duty and OEM requirements.

09

Technical advisory & getting started

When is technical due diligence useful for a gas infrastructure project?

It is useful before financing, acquisition, major equipment orders, construction or project takeover. A review can identify missing engineering, design inconsistencies, equipment risks and documentation gaps affecting cost, safety, performance or completion.

What documents are normally useful for a technical review?

Depending on project maturity: process flow diagrams, P&IDs, layouts, datasheets, specifications, vendor proposals, control philosophy, electrical documents, safety studies, civil information, commissioning records and applicable project requirements.

At what stage can LAIMEX become involved in a project?

LAIMEX can support early concept and technical evaluation through design and engineering, equipment selection, execution, commissioning, O&M and lifecycle support, according to the client’s requirements and agreed scope.

How do I start a discussion about a project?

Use the Project Enquiry page. Share the location, application, normal and peak demand or capacity, supply source, required pressure, project stage and available technical documents so LAIMEX can determine the next technical step.

PROJECT ENQUIRY

Have a project-specific question?

Every gas infrastructure project has different normal and peak operating demands, site conditions and commercial requirements. Discuss your project with LAIMEX for a project-specific technical assessment.

Discuss Your Project